Summary: The federal government, states and industry have performed a considerable amount of short term, limited-budget research on crumb rubber modified asphalt binders. This research has contributed to a limited understanding of the technology but has yet to evaluate many technological issues. This has been the overriding factor basis. Some of the remaining unanswered questions raised by federal legislation and of concern to the federal government and between CRM and asphalt cement, identification of cost effective used of CRM, recyclability of pavements containing CRM, air quality during construction and recycling, work force health and safety during construction and recycling, and effects of CRM on water quality. There is also a need for guidelines and/ or standards for CRM in hot mix asphalt pavements that can be used by agencies with the assurance that successful pavements will result.